Free Will vs Determinism in A Clockwork Orange, by Anthony...

In Anthony Burgess’ 1962 dystopian novella, A Clockwork Orange, teenage gangs and hoodlums run rampid in a futuristic society, inflicting mayhem and brutality among its totalitarian governed state. Alex, our protagonist/anti-hero, is among the most infamous in this violent youth culture. A psychotic, yet devilishly intelligent boy of fifteen, our â€Å"humble narrator† beats up on old folk, rapes underaged girls, pillages, and leads his group of â€Å"droogs† (friends) on a chaotic path of â€Å"ultra-violence.† With this society of citizens completely oblivious to the acts of such culture, the government offers to step in with a solution. After being jailed for the most heinous crime of murder, Alex volunteers for a procedure - offered by the government†¦show more content†¦In turn, he uses this justification to senselessly beat a man up for simply not liking him. This could be supported by a quote from an article about the study of free will vs determinism, which states, â€Å"freedom to choose fits comfortably with the assumption that people deserve what they get† (Carey 133). Alex could agree that someone of his own violent nature deserves this moment, or that the man deserved the beating. However, in a critical essay by Rubin Rabinovitz, it is argued that this expression of â€Å"do what you want† attitude is just as mechanically determined. By dictating a lifestyle based around this preconceived mentality, Alex is already subjecting himself to a controlled fate by following this youth culture (Rabinovitz). â€Å"What’s it going to be then,† starts the 2nd part of the novella, focussing on Alex’s incarceration and eventual treatment (77). Here, he is given a choice to remain the same and rot in prison, or find a way to change himself to ensure his freedom. The irony in this decision is when he opts to the latter option, Alex is - unknowingly - surrendering his freedom for an even grea ter state of determinism. Enter the Ludovico Treatment - a process which forces Alex to view a series of films while strapped down, eyelids peeled open, as he’s given a special sedative. The films, consisting of violent

Film Critique Paper and the Band Played on - 1627 Words

Film Critique Paper And the Band Played On The movie is about the first couple years of AIDS, mostly in the United States. It tells the political as well as the scientific struggle that occurred with the discovery of AIDS. The main character Dr. Don Francis heads the research of AIDS with little money and little help. This was because AIDS was considered the â€Å"gay man’s disease† and there was more emphasis on who discovered the disease than actually helping those who had it. Basically, the movie was about the government and many other individuals being ignorant and looking the other way because homosexual males were seen as a lesser priority and group. As to the question of what long-term effect did prejudice and†¦show more content†¦I saw this when Dr. Francis asks how many hemophiliacs does the committee need to die before it becomes cost efficient for them to do something about it. He asks when will it be more profitable for them to save people then it is to kill them. This showed me that l ives are not valued as equal, especially homosexual one. I just do not know how this becomes to be, particularly by the government which is not supposed to be prejudice. If the same situation had arisen and effected anyone other than the gay community, I believe that the situation would have been handled differently. The movie also showed how individuals put themselves before others, especially those who should not. In the movie, Dr. Gallo pulls all support from Dr. Francis including re-agents and antibodies to the virus. Dr. Gallo puts him and his reputation before all the others that had and could get the virus. To him, the virus was an opportunity to further his name and reputation in the scientific community. Dr. Gallo chose to play god when he decided to pull the resources from Dr. Francis. He could have saved countless of others but he wasted precious time to find out more about the virus and make people aware. As for him, I think no punishment would be too severe in justif ication of his actions. Overall, the actions of the government and from individuals like Dr. Gallo resulted in the gay community to suffer greatly. Not only did AIDS effect themShow MoreRelatedTelevision Genre And Style Of Mockumentaries Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pagesof decades. This paper will attempt to discover the answers to three main questions regarding the television genre and style of mockumentaries. Firstly, the definition of a mockumentary and a general understanding of the stylistic similarities must be examined before the history of the mockumentary is to be explored. Next, the historical background will be considered as well as the cultural significance and impact of the shows that emulated this mockumentary style. 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Generational Accounting Theory and Application Business Method

Question: Discuss about the Generational Accounting for Theory and Application Business Method. Answer: Introduction The specified study serves scientific research and/ or expounds the traits of positive scientific research. Additionally, this study brings into line with the research in accounting. Moreover, this study puts spotlight on accounting, especially on the description of key intents of the behavior of human, because the purpose of the human behavior is to escort to base of major situations about accounting (Deegan 2013). The article that has been discussed here in detail is Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research. On the basis of detailed study, it can be said that this specified article puts light on conversation regarding hypotheses of both epistemology and ontology. In addition to this, the provided article also puts importance on these hypotheses as these are required for executing scientific research. Additionally, the viability elements of the study have also been discussed in detail that are based on these. The particular portion of the article puts more focus on the concept s and theories of positive accounting during the occurrence of defensive actions. Additionally, in certain cases, the accounting theories and concepts control as sounded by personality and infrequently oversee in future. As a result, this research study puts spotlight on succession level as well as on logics and from detailed study it is performed through aid of various processes of information collection, these involve quantitative and qualitative processes (Freeman et al. 2014). Summary of the Provided Article In this research work, the given article that is Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research has been analyzed specifically and has explained all the theories regarding auditing. Thus, this helps in providing relatively advanced work. Therefore, in other words, it can be said that the intent of this particular study is to put spotlight on the process of measuring the shortages in the research practices, particularly in the case of Popper Prescriptions (Bonin 2013). From the detailed study of the provided article Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research, both the merits and demerits of the implementation of the positive accounting theories and concepts in the research process has been highlighted. The advantages of studying this particular article are as follows: Firstly, it has been noted that this provided article helps in summing up the consequences of the qualitative researchers. It also helps in using associated theories along with it related concepts regarding positive accounting in the process of research. Thus, the study of the specified article assists in explaining the accounting theories and concepts (Gaffikin and Aitken 2014). Secondly, for examining every goal of this research study, different hypotheses have been considered here. Thus, this study involves the theories of literature review; especially those are associated with the observed outcomes (Lukka and Pihlanto 2014). From this, it can be said that it aligns with the researches in the accounting field. Thirdly, the achievement of this study supports the concepts and theories of positive accounting. Particularly, this association with the concepts of accounting occurs exactly after the equipped objects that have been realized with an aim to create relatively low value standards (Biondi and Zambon 2013). According to the researcher Kuhn, it has been found that the normal science generally gets involved properly within the crucial ideas regarding the concepts along with it the theories of the positive accounting, particularly after its comparison with the conventional sciences. As a result, the final observation illustrates that the uncomplicated particulars, predominantly during the duration of Kuhnia crisis. In addition to these, the illustration of the theories and concepts of the positive accounting help in the occurrence of the declarations. Fourthly, the concepts and the theories of the positive accounting have been found to be comprised of broader specter. Additionally, this occurs due to the occurrence of the research programs for widening the explanation of the aspects of the human behavior. The positive accounting theories as well as its concepts aid in constructing and also in contrasting or evaluating the incidence and relevance of this concept and the specified study (Raj and Roy 2016). Thus, it can be said that this helps to make summary of all the features of suppositions of epistemology and ontology for the aim of performing programs about investigations. Finally, it can be said that the theories regarding positive accounting deal with the examination of the greater portions, especially which assist in attaining the aptitudes of the scientific studies. In addition, the author Kuhn puts more emphasis on concept of normal sciences. Moreover, the normal sciences usually attach with the study, which is related to the concepts of positive accounting in a proper pattern (Baker and Burlaud 2015). Moreover, from detailed study it has been found that Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research article has various advantages but it also has some constraints. These include: Firstly, in the article it has been noted that the particular authors as well as the researchers have opt for tolerant and persuaded observational fallouts; moreover have mistaken all the proposals precisely. Secondly, for rendering, the suggestions have been provided to give factual actions to any struggle (Quinn 2014). In addition, it is dependent on the existing method, for instance, enticing changes in future. Thirdly, the summarization of Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research article indicates the conversation regarding the Kuhnia crisis and the radical issues. Additionally, it is about notion emancipation of positive accounting theories for earning possible benefits of higher level. There are many cases, where ideas regarding sensible actions can be achieved about confrontation (Bryer 2016). It is dependent on the present scheme in order to put forward any kind of changes in the governing bodies. Fourthly, the general issue regarding recognizable arrangement of speculative models in the procedure intends to slice up the inspection of difficult buoyancy. Moreover, this also trusts on the hypothetical judgments (Glover 2014). Additionally, this assists to understand the lack of interest amount in laughable imitation along with the numerical values. Finally, when new conversation takes place between the private organism and the lesser private in the critical procedure of decision making is counted as a demand. Thus, the process involves the apprehension of an important feature regarding the paucities which occur in the research process of accounting (positive accounting), especially for broadening the scope of projects. Research Questions What are the concepts of positive accounting that are used in the accounting research study? What is the procedure of improvement of information association among different performances of human on the basis of positive accounting theory? What is the effect of description of Kuhn regarding illustration of normal sciences which are associated with the accounting research? From the specified study and analysis, it can be said that all the mentioned questions of research make parallel with the specified research work. As the particular research study is based on various concepts as well as on various theories of positive accounting and different research procedures have been implemented for completing the research work successfully. Additionally, constraints of the particular study along with it the importance of the study have also been discussed here regarding the particular research method and topic. Therefore, it has been identified that the hypotheses of the particular research align with the research paper. The specified article is about various logical concepts and theories of positive accounting, its policies and conception in the procedure of improving information connection between various natures of human and Kuhns description of normal sciences. Hypothetical Framework As stated by Horngren et al. (2012), the research questions generally aid to illustrate the wide-ranging theories and concepts of human nature and behavior and the limitations about its implementation. Moreover, the prevalent areas help to determine the action conditions of people for serving a research that is interpretive. This article primarily puts emphasis on the explanation of theories and concepts that lines up with epistemology, positive issues and ontology. Additionally, it has been found that the researchers aim to supervise the restrictions. The scientific research is mainly performed through help of two types of procedures that are quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Thus, the information and data that are collected by the researchers is coursed under commencement on the basis of certain suppositions. In addition to this, for counting support (logical) and scrutinizing forecasts for new theories, new surveillances are incorporated. According to Popper, on the basis of viewed regularities and verified inspections, the newer theories as well as concepts are prepared. This involves consideration of two newer concepts in one case theory. Thus, falsification is regarded as fatal postulations that are totally dependent on hypothetical suppositions. As a result, these theories are regarded as irregular corridors of Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft. According to Henderson et al. (2015), there are two main intentions of the researchers and these are generally used for realizing the researchs qualitative process. It includes data collection as it helps to realize the beginning stage. The particular study puts emphasis on regression analysis as this helps to get involved deeply into the pricing strategy of the companys auditor. It has been found that after observation of various pattern of behavior, the data collection is done for the aim to tender bid and also to adopt the strategies that are represented as an important feature for the auditors. Importance and Constrictions of the Article The particular article is composed in a specific style of Popper Logic version and this is regarded as an important aspect. This involves the measurement as well as the assessment of the mathematical values as it implies inappropriateness as well as certainty of concepts from the null hypotheses. Thus, transfer prohibition in conventional significance for portal individuality occurs by keeping the value of p stable at 0.00001 (Mohammadi 2015). Replication of important studies is needed due to two main reasons and also for analysis in future where former outcomes are applied. In the article Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research, various aspects have been mentioned that helps to scrutinize all the research questions. This ranges from 1-5% on the basis of mathematical issues. Moreover, the limitations of the study include - shortage of interest in the numerical significance of fetters and thus, face unsatisfactory simulation and acquire lesser security and accept findings of study. Others are - unofficial creation of imaginary models for revising the unfounded reliance test. On its basis, main enhancement is desired for putting the scale for analysis in future. Depending on ad hoc, the features are considered and this involves achievement of quantitative models. It needs marvelous facet of notions after the estimation of this with re-discovery of the quantity. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that the particular journal article Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research scrutinizes every factor, which are associated with the suppositions of ontology and epistemology. Nonetheless, the theories of accounting policies have been understood and this has been utilized in order to operate the programs of research. The particular segment illustrates the procedure of incorporation of significant and suitable model of theories in order to inspect the susceptible and highly specified discernments in detail. It requires implementation of contemporary techniques of measurement in order to scrutinize the theoretical models. Additionally, the selection procedure of relatable useful types extends linear attachment among the design that is regarded as an important factor. References Baker, C.R. and Burlaud, A., 2015. The historical evolution from accounting theory to conceptual framework in financial standards setting.The CPA Journal,85(8), p.54. Biondi, Y. and Zambon, S. eds., 2013.Accounting and business economics: Insights from national traditions. Routledge. Bonin, H., 2013.Generational accounting: theory and application. Springer Science Business Media. Bryer, R., 2016. Linking Pacioli's double-entry bookkeeping, algebra, and art: accounting history or idle speculation?.Accounting History Review,26(1), pp.33-40. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Freeman, R.J., Shoulders, C.D., Allison, G.S., Smith Jr, G.R. and Becker, C.J., 2014. Governmental and nonprofit accounting: theory and practice.JPAEJOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS EDUCATION VOLUME 20 NUMBER 3, p.441. Gaffikin, M. and Aitken, M., 2014.The Development of Accounting Theory (RLE Accounting): Significant Contributors to Accounting Thought in the 20th Century. Routledge. Glover, J., 2014. Have Academic Accountants and Financial Accounting Standard Setters Traded Places?.Accounting, Economics and Law Account. Econ. Law,4(1), pp.17-26. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Horngren, C., Harrison, W., Oliver, S., Best, P., Fraser, D. and Tan, R., 2012.Financial Accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Lukka, K. and Pihlanto, P., 2014. The developer of Finnish accounting theory.Twentieth Century Accounting Thinkers (RLE Accounting), p.60. Mohammadi, S., 2015. Full development of the theory of accounting and auditing.International Journal of Accounting and Economics Studies,3(1), pp.7-9. Quinn Jr, E., 2014. The Evolution of Accounting Theory in Response to Market Changes.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,4(10), p.509. Raj, S.K. and Roy, S., 2016. Accounting Theory: An Ethical Perspective of Real Life Scenarios.International Journal of Business and Social Research,6(10), pp.47-55.

Walter Lippman Essay Example For Students

Walter Lippman Essay This research among other objectives seeks to establish whether it is possible to have a non-partisan public press that gives equal opportunity to different voices to air their views thereby eliciting numerous facets or views of the same story. Clearly the problem in Africa has been that of a partisan, usually government media, fanning the fire in conflicts to a point where one of the sides thinks it has no choice but to reply by starting a fight. As the fighting rages on, more fuel is poured on the political fire by a partisan press, resulting in a full-scale war. In 1999, Walter Lippman enunciated his belief that the presentation of truthful news lies at the heart of democracy. But he said, there are difficulties .. they are that there is a problem of the news which is of absolutely basic importance to the survival of popular government, and that the importance of that problem is not vividly realized nor sufficiently considered. Lippman (1920: 14) Although more than eight decades have passed since Mr Lippman penned his appraisal, the problems of news communication in a democratic society are still with us. The following study stems from the authors conviction that opinion and policy making remain significant, inter related processes within any political system. A democracy based on criteria of popular control and consultation, poses its particular ticklish questions of the manner and means by which political ideas, opinions and issues are transmitted throughout the body politic. In most countries, communication is carried on primarily through the news media. News people and their sources of news interact to form a set of relationships crucial in the linkage of citizen and official. We will write a custom essay on Walter Lippman specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The significant information on which a citizen in a democracy must base his political actions is most often chaneled, in some form, through the written or spoken press or in more placid periods this activity is generally taken for granted. Few citizens, for example, are normally sensitive to the function served by the media or mediated information in the politics of their democracy. Although we may accept in principle, Jeffersons maxim that No government ought to be without censors and where the press is free, no one ever will. People seldom concern themselves with weather the media can and does perform this critical role. But in times of so-called national importance such as an election the citizens seek out the aid of the columnist, and the commentator by reading beyond the headlines and eagerly twisting the dial. PSB that may be distinguished from the state controlled broadcasters that still exist in many countries, can help to maintain diversity in light of these developments and play an important role in fulfilling the publics right to know. Freedom of expression, as guaranteed by Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, includes the right not only to seek and impart knowledge and ideas but also the right to receive them. This has been held to require states to take positive measures to ensure the existence of an environment, in which a pluralistic media can flourish, providing information from a wide variety of sources to citizens. An independent, adequately funded and accountable PSB is a crucial component of that environment. True to Lippman`s word, the presentation of truthful news is a touchstone of all human rights and it is most important for information societies, in which citizens receive most of their information by the mass media and in which their attitudes are dominantly shaped by the mass media. The ability of television news to influence public opinion to any significant extent was probably not fully recognised until the mid 1990`s, after the broadcasters had demonstrated that the new communications technology combined with a willingness among some services to co-operate regularly in the exchange of new material could make pictures of any important event available beyond national boundaries within hours. Over the years world audiences shared the J. .u3833d25a41e1b6de3164ce9b30c508a8 , .u3833d25a41e1b6de3164ce9b30c508a8 .postImageUrl , .u3833d25a41e1b6de3164ce9b30c508a8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3833d25a41e1b6de3164ce9b30c508a8 , .u3833d25a41e1b6de3164ce9b30c508a8:hover , .u3833d25a41e1b6de3164ce9b30c508a8:visited , .u3833d25a41e1b6de3164ce9b30c508a8:active { border:0!important; } .u3833d25a41e1b6de3164ce9b30c508a8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3833d25a41e1b6de3164ce9b30c508a8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3833d25a41e1b6de3164ce9b30c508a8:active , .u3833d25a41e1b6de3164ce9b30c508a8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3833d25a41e1b6de3164ce9b30c508a8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3833d25a41e1b6de3164ce9b30c508a8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3833d25a41e1b6de3164ce9b30c508a8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3833d25a41e1b6de3164ce9b30c508a8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3833d25a41e1b6de3164ce9b30c508a8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3833d25a41e1b6de3164ce9b30c508a8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3833d25a41e1b6de3164ce9b30c508a8 .u3833d25a41e1b6de3164ce9b30c508a8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3833d25a41e1b6de3164ce9b30c508a8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: History abut culinary arts EssayF. Kennedy assassination, student riots, Watergate, terrorism and various wars including Vietnam and the Middle East and nothing could be the same again. Yorke (2002: 2) argues: .. by the 1980`s, anyone who remained skeptical about the power of television news to move the public opinion must have had all doubts swept aside by the astonishing spontaneous responses to the appearance in October 1984 of harrowing pictures of famine in Ethiopia. The impetus for the creation of the Band Aid Relief Fund and all that has followed in an attempt to alleviate the suffering of millions can be attributed directly to the reports seen on the news bulletins on an established four hundred plus broadcasting organisations. The same pool of material from television news influenced opinion about what was happening in the late 1990`s in Rwanda, Kosovo and Indonesia. Todays news programming has become an accepted part of the culture of every society which embraces television. Those who report and present the news are famous enough to be caricatured. Their faces adorn magazine front pages. Their on screen performances and salaries they earn for them, are the subject of endless discussion and speculation. How they leave their private life, what they wear, what they do and what they say, especially if it is controversial in the slightest, are followed with almost indeceit interest by the press and the public. The popularity of broadcast journalism as a career remains undiminished despite the growth of Internet services and online news. Almost every halfway literate, youngster, it seems, wants to be in the media. Television news has become a respectable subject for serious academic study, especially by sociologists postulating theories about the role and motivation of the practitioners and the influence they bring to bear on agenda setting what stories they choose to cover and then how they process them. Every so often an aggrieved public figure will complain angrily about the stories got up by the media or the concentration on personalities rather than issues. In Zimbabwe the growing trend amongst aggrieved politicians is to cry out loud for being misquoted. The suspicion exists that the establishment no matter what party holds power, or who runs the church, the judiciary or the military or industrial complex dictates what and how television reports. But there is probably greater genuine surprise that television journalists do not see it as their first duty to protect society from the unpalatable, the outwardly reasonable view being that the world would be a better place if items about civil disturbance and similarly distasteful events were simply not shown. It is important to note at the outset that in many countries television is controlled or funded by governments. It is not difficult to appreciate that many news services are able to produce little except what is officially sanctioned. In addition, foreign camera crews and reporters cannot fly in with their equipment to anywhere they please and expect to start work. Some countries simply refuse to allow them entry visas to get in, others may take months and when the permission is finally granted the presence of minders may be so inhibiting that the reports that are made may be no more informative than those old-fashioned cinema travelogues. There is always the danger that an organisation funded by the government and directed by the elite is likely to favour the government line. That (in) famously, is what happened in the 1926 General Strike, when the first Director General of the BBC, Lord Reith, argued that the BBC was the peoples service and the government was the peoples choice, so it followed that the BBC supported the government. (http://www. cultsock. ndirect. co. uk9/21/2003).

Holistic Medicine Essays (1104 words) - Manual Therapy,

Holistic Medicine annon Millions of people around the world are living with pain that could be prevented with the use of alternative therapies. As a result many of these people use harmful or ineffective drugs and surgeries in an attempt to cure their ailments. With a steady schedule of massage therapy, acupuncture, and healthy foods, people can lead a healthy and invigorating life without drugs or surgery. During the time of the ancient Roman gladiators, massage therapy was used to treat everything from headaches to sports injures on them. Today massage therapy is widely recognized as a sensible alternative to traditional medicine, in that it relieves pain and soreness otherwise helped by taking pills or other medicines. Massage can help everyone, including premature infants according to USA Weekend, premature infants who get regular massages in the hospital gain more weight and leave the hospital sooner then unmassaged babies(McNichol,22). I firmly believe that massage therapy is one of the best preventative measures that a person can take to avoid most medical problems involved with aging, physical exertion, and the stress of everyday life. Some doctors agree by saying, If you have a massage every week, you will have 2/3 less illness (H. Gruenn, M.D.). There are many different types of massage therapy including relaxing Swedish massage for relieving stress, sports massage for treating sports related injuries, and therapeutic massage to name a few. Relaxing Swedish massage is one of the most effective ways to deal with that invisible killer, stress. By applying smooth gentle stokes or other non-invasive massage techniques, the Swedish massage practitioner can relieve the client of the every day stresses of life that can be fatal if not dealt with. In sports massage, the use of more advanced massage techniques can relieve athletes of lactic acid and other wastes that accumulate in the muscles due to exertion. Other therapeutic massage techniques such as Neuromuscular, Myofascal, and Lymphatic drainage can aid in the recovery of injured clients. Another form of alternative therapy is the ancient Chinese healing art of acupuncture. Acupuncture was first experimented within the First Imperial Medical College of China during the Sui Dynasty in 589 AD. In Chinese medicine, and therefore in acupuncture, health is determined by a persons ability to maintain a balanced and harmonious internal environment.(Mills pg. 8). This theory of internal harmony is expressed through the principles of Ying and Yang and its five separate phases: wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. Internal harmony is also based on the uninterrupted flow of the Qi, or vitality. The Qi is responsible for all of the bodys spiritual, emotional, mental, and physical processes. The Qi flows up and down channels of the body called Jingluo, or meridians. Twelve particular meridians run up and down the body in a continuous circuit connecting the internal organs of the body known as Zangfu. If the acupuncturist knows the correct point along the meridians, the Qis flow may be returned to normal by using the needle. I have experienced acupuncture first hand and I do believe it is an effective tool for relieving pain and diseases that effect the body. Overall, the basic principle of acupuncture and all of Chinese medicine is to restore the balance of Ying and Yang. Acupuncture works best in conduction with massage therapy and a good diet of healthy foods. How many times did your mother have to tell you to eat your vegetables? In fact, scientists say that a little more attention to our diets might slash the death rate for heart disease by seventy percent.(Michaud,28). As a result of all the junk food in the world, clogged arteries, overburdened hearts, stone filled gall bladders, ruined livers, and many other chemical enemies are eating away at our health. As the well known saying goes, An apple a day keeps the doctor away, because apples and other fruits can lower cholesterol, prevent gallstones, and protect against certain cancers. Dr. Neil Stone, M.D., says Its important to eat a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables (Wild,29). Among other healthy fruits there are apricots that combat constipation and bananas that heal ulcers and prevent strokes. Experts state that, Fortunately, bananas are the overwhelming fruit snack of Americans. Americans have increased the consumption of the fruit by about 30 percent over the past couple of decades(Michaud, 38). Vegetables such as beans lower cholesterol and can even control appetite. Berries may also prevent certain cancers and also battle arthritis and urinary tract infections. Carrots and cherries may also help lower cholesterol levels that can result in heart attacks. Many other tasty entrees such as fish and other meats may

Law School Personal Statement

Law School Personal Statement Law School Personal Statement Law School Personal Statement Law School Admission Personal Essay has to be perfect in style, format and, of course, content. You want to be memorized by the admission committee, dont you? Therefore, you should provide comprehensive answers to admission essay questions. You should not copy anything from the internet! However, it does not mean that you cannot consult online resources for ideas, formatting tips, and general writing guidelines. In addition, there is an option of using professional essay writing services. Our writers can help you with any step of Law School Admission Essay writing. Below is the sample essay written by our writers on the topic of arbitration. This essay is not personal statement, though. We are open 24/7 and you can contact us at any time of day and night! Law School Personal Statement: Sample Arbitration and judicial settlement are closely allied; indeed the former is only a species of the latter, for an arbitrator is a judge, although he differs from the judge of a standing court of Justice in being chosen by the parties, and in the fact that his judicial functions end when he has decided the particular case for which he was appointed. The distinction is important, because a standing court is able to build up a judicial tradition and so to develop the law from case to case; it is, therefore, not only a means of settling disputes, but to some extent a means of preventing them from arising. But so far as the parties are concerned, they are as likely to get a satisfactory decision from a court of arbitration as from a court of justice, and there may even be special circumstances which make the former a preferable tribunal; for example, some special technical skill in the members of the court may be more important than a profound knowledge of law. Arbitrators and judges are alike bound to decide according to rules of law; neither possess a discretionary power to disregard the law and to decide according to their own ideas of what is fair and just. No doubt the parties, if they choose, may confer such a power on an arbitrator, or they may agree on special rules which he is to apply to the exclusion of the ordinary rules of law, but they may also confer a special power of this kind on a judge, as is expressly provided in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. It should be added, however, that this purely judicial character of an arbitrator's function is not always recognized; the continental view of it has been less strict than our own, and arbitrators have sometimes claimed and exercised a discretionary power to give what they regard as a just, rather than a strictly legal, decision. In practice also, courts of arbitration have not always in the past given the reasons on which their decisions were based, so that it is impossibl e to be sure what view they may have taken of their function. Arbitration was a fairly frequent method of settling international disputes in medieval times, but with the rise of the modern state system it fell into disuse until its revival in the nineteenth century, largely through the example of Great Britain and the United States in submitting the Alabama Claims to arbitration in 1871. Law School Personal Statement Writing Service Law school admission essay should be diligently written. You should be ready to devote at least a couple of days to writing law school personal statement. You should read it several times and proofread it for all possible mistakes. When using our professional personal essay statement writing service, you get a perfect admission essay written in full accordance to the requirements of admission committee: Read also: Example of a Term Paper Communism Paper Philosophy Term Buy a Term Paper Biology Term Paper APA Style Term Paper

Analysis of Carphone Warehouse Financial Statements Essay

Analysis of Carphone Warehouse Financial Statements - Essay Example mobile services into one single media delivery chain facilitated by the expansion of high speed wireless internet and broadband services worldwide (Pricewaterhousecoopers, 2006). This new economic era changed many industries since it pushed the demand for products for high tech product such as mobile telephones up since mobile technology became a part of the new integrated supply chain of high tech products. In the United Kingdom a major player in the communication services industry is The Carphone Warehouse Group. The emphasis of this report is to analyze the financial position, performance and prospects of this firm as well as providing a brief analysis of the accounting standards that Carphone Warehouse utilizes in its presentation its financial reports. Carphone Warehouse is the biggest player in the European market in the independent retailing of mobile phones and related services with over 2,200 retail stores across 11 countries (Carphone, 2007). The United Kingdom company established its operation in 1989 whose founder Charles Jones envision a firm that had the potential of dominating the European market with the implementation of a organic growth model. The organic growth business model is a business or economic philosophy that emphasis on steady constant growth over a prolonged period of time (Moore, 2006). An example of a booming economy that utilized this model to reach constant 10% economic growth for multiple decades is the Chinese economy. Carphone Warehouse transformed from a small mobile retailer 18 years ago, to a multinational giant in the telecommunication industry that obtain annual sales of 3.99 billion pounds in 2006 (Annual Report: Carphone, 2006). The company’s strategic focus includes a continued market share growth, value added services, building lifetime customer relationship and increasing productivity and profitability (Carphone, 2007). The mobile services industry generated global revenues of approximately 3.32 trillion dollars

Analysis of Royale Comfort Seating Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Royale Comfort Seating - Article Example Many of them die. Lives of many workers get disturbed like Ms. Farley is not able to resume a normal life after her occupational injury. The next section of the article, Foam Country, takes the discussion further by describing how work is being done in Royale Comfort Seating, which is located in North Carolina. A polyethylene called slab stock becomes the filling of mattresses, chairs, and cushions. This material arrives in the form of loaves. Cushions are attached to seats with glue. The whole environment gets fogged with glue. The work is tiring, and the workers feel dizziness after they have completed their shifts in the glue filled air at the workplace. They feel quite lightheaded when they leave for homes. This section also talks about the industrialization of North Carolina. The next section, The Chemical’s Use Grows, talks about how the use of nPB glues has become widespread in some past years. It is inexpensive, strong, and reliable. Water-based glues are safer but expensive and can cost millions of dollars to the companies. Initially, companies would use a chemical called 1,1,1-trichloroethane as glue, but since it was thought of as damaging the ozone layer, the companies switched to methylene chloride. That also proved to be very damaging, killing many workers every year. OSHA took action, and companies started using nPB glues, which were as dangerous as the previous brand. So, some companies adopted it while some banned it. Many damages to health due to this glue were reported in the next years. It was found that Royale was not taking safety measures while making use of this glue. There were no fans to eliminate the fumes, and the workers were not provided masks. OSHA has also not regulated the strictness about safety measures. The section, Improvised Remedies, talks about the interviews of Royale’s employees regarding the health damages they faced while working.

The Role of a Modern Industrial Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Role of a Modern Industrial Manager - Essay Example Therefore, understanding the role of industrial manager would be highly beneficial and could dictate the success of an organisation. To have a clear understanding of management and the role of an effective manager, one must first take a look at history. As early as 3000 BC, there has been evidence of formal management where business transactions were recorded through written documents (Pindur, Rogers and Kim 1995). As the years went on, people realised the importance of management and started laying down theories and principles reflecting it. The years progressed and different concepts and techniques were born. Leaders learned the value of delegation of authority (Smith 1776). Specialization in tasks was learned to be effective in the work force. These, along with many others, became managerial techniques. The 19th century gave birth to what is known as classical management (Pindur, Rogers and Kim 1995). Aiming to provide a scientific foundation for the management of organisations, this school of thought soon became the most popular among those who study management. The Industrial Revolution had a hand in its development. When workers were transferred o factories, replacing small home-based shops, a need to efficiently manage the work force arose (Pindur et al 1995). Classical management was both scientific and administrative. It believes that through scientific management, productivity may be improved (Taylor 1911). It was said that successful industrial managers are born and not made. Nevertheless, systematic or scientific management when executed properly will show us that, the foundation of good management rests upon theory and principles and not merely genetic inheritance or nature (Taylor 1911). Another point of classical management is to discredit the old notion that the interests of employers and of employees are conflicting. Scientific management reiterates that these two are actually the same (Taylor 1911).

Changes in the Business Environment of Shell and Subsequent Strategy

Changes in the Business Environment of Shell and Subsequent Strategy The main objective of this assignment deals with business environmental changes of Shell Company (Petroleum Company) from last 5 years. PESTEL analysis was applied in the following assignment, in order to present Shell Companys present status in all aspects and the changes that have taken place in the company. Moreover, the various types of strategies formulated were outlined and discussed. Introduction An organization is an entity that provides goods and services to consumers who need or want them and it does not function in isolation. Therefore, it is imperative to identify and understand all the factors within its environment that could potentially affect it. The environment of a business is normally divided into two categories, the micro environment and the macro environment. Below we shall discuss in details what each category means. Micro-environment: Internal factors like suppliers, competitors and employees are volatile and influence transformation of a business process and often it leads to undermining the current balance within the system. Suppliers: A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer. www.overstockuniverse.com http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/A_company%27s_supply_chain_%28en%29.png/300px-A_company%27s_supply_chain_%28en%29.png Company should have a social responsibility towards their suppliers, as they transform the natural resources and raw materials into finished goods which are delivered to the end consumers. They also play a vital role during product shortage. They are the combination of all types of business practice and ethics. www.overstockuniverse.com Customers: A  Client, buyer or purchaser, is usually used to refer to a current or potential buyer or user of the  products  of an individual or  organization, called the  supplier,  seller, or  vendor. Slogans for the Customer: the customer is king or the customer is god or the customer is always right. www.rajputbrotherhood.com Competitors: Competition  is a  contest  between individuals, groups, nations, etc. for territory, a niche, or a location of resources. Competition arises whenever two or more parties strive for a goal which cannot be shared. Humans compete for  wealth, prestige, and  fame so that they met deep rivalries often arises over the pursuit of. Business is often associated with competition as most companies are in competition with at least one other firm over the same group of customers. Macro-environment: Decision making by managers are influenced by many factors that constitutes the macro environment in a business. The examples for the macro environment are Tax changes, trade barriers, demographic change and government policy changes. http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199296378/01student/additional/page_12.htm The following factors are: Political factors: Political environment is an unpredictable element which effect specific organizations badly due to instability in government and rules passed by the political parties. Factors like political stability in the country, party in power, ideology of government and foreign policy greatly influence the business in political environment of the country. Example: Indian Government restricted coca-cola sales during late seventies following policy of restricting the growth of multinationals in Indian markets. But coco-cola was allowed after some years under the New Industrial policy of 1991. Under this new policy, government liberalized licensing, imports and exports, inflow of foreign capital and technology on more liberal terms. www.rajputbrotherhood.com Economic forces: Interest rates, taxation changes, economic growth, inflation and exchange rates are all comes under economic forces. Foundations of Economics book economic change is a major impact on a firms behavior. Some of the examples are it has been difficult to export due to higher cost of raising finances, strong domestic currency makes it difficult to compete with that foreign prices. Social/cultural: The availability and willingness to work, and the demand of a product has lot to do with the social trends around which the firm is operating in. Cultures and attitudes towards work are varied from country to country. A firm may forced to wind up operation if it hurts intentionally or unintentionally the religious belief of a religion. http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199296378/01student/additional/page_12.htm Especially in Indian culture eating beef is against the religion they are e.g. When McDonalds opened their chain of restaurants in India; they were opposed by religious activists as McDonalds were serving beef in their menu which forced McDonalds to change their menu. Technological factors: Technology makes the human life simple; by using technology we can create new products and new services in the market like usage of Internet for online banking transactions and upgrade the old products. Technology helps firms to store customer data to their data base by using different data base tools like IBM data base software tool which helps for top brand companies to track their privileged customers and simultaneously it provides lot of employment opportunities for service based IT companies. http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199296378/01student/additional/page_12.htm Example: Few years back in India people were going to ICICI bank and had to fill the deposit form and they have to stand in line to deposit amount (its a time consuming process) but after up gradation of technology in ICICI everything changed no need of standing in line to deposit the amount, just deposit the amount directly in to automated teller machine and enter account number details. Environmental factors: It includes both weather and climatic change. Change in climatic conditions affects the farming and tourism industries directly. These climatic changes are mainly due to global warming .Firms should aware on environment changes , in fact people from different parts of the world are aware of the fact how important to preserve our planet and they shows more interest to minimize wastes and maintain healthy and hygienic environment. http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199296378/01student/additional/page_12.htm Example: Especially London government takes lot of care to maintain healthy and hygienic environment by creating recyclable products, using recycled materials and sustainable timber, minimize packaging, buying locally to save fuel costs, creating an efficient distribution network, working with suppliers and distributors who take steps to minimize environmental risk. Case Study The Royal Dutch Company was established in the year 1890 in the Netherlands, East Indies and after some years it abbreviated as Royal Dutch Petroleum Company in the year 1949. Shell is a global group of energy and petrochemical companies. Its headquarters is located at Hague, Netherlands. Royal Dutch Shell plc is the parent company of the shell group, which is incorporated in England and Wales(www.shell.com). Shell is responsible for Manufacturing, Selling and distributing of oil products across the globe and is positioned as a global leader in oil and gas industry. Shell helps in meeting global energy demand economically, environmentally and socially responsible ways. www.shell.com Challenges that Shell has dealt with the last 5 years Political factor is one of the important factor which affect all types of business directly and indirectly because so many political party people keep on changing the rules and regulations, instability in the political power and the price of oil keeps on increasing its a major threat for oil and gas companies with international operations. The following are the political changes and threats which are faced by the shell in the last 5 years: Majority of shells operations is in Nigeria. Due to militant activities in Nigeria Shell is facing lot of political issues, which resulted in closure of 4 production facilities for the safety of their employees which resulted in loss of production by 400,000 BPD. In June 2008 there was a militant attack and Shell had to close their operations in Bonga field which resulted in reduction of production by 225,000 BPD. Shell has shutdown his Soku gas plant in Nigeria in November 2008 because thieves have damaged the gas pipelines at the Soku plant. Due to rise of illegal activities Shell was forced shut down of the gas plant which produced 40 percent of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) for Nigeria and produced 10 percent LNG throughout the world. Shell published a warning to Nigerian government in the year 2009 as it helps by giving support to the local forces to lower the gas and oil prices. Shell lent $1.69 billion to the Nigerian government to solve the debts for the covered cost on gas project from 2009-2011.The source of income for shell investments in the Nigeria delta region depended on capability of controlling the violence by the Nigerian government in the delta region. Due to the continuous violence and explosions, Shell had to shutdown their pipe lines which were damaged. In 2009 5 theft incidents were reported, they siphoned oil from oil wells in Niger delta, even fire incidents were also reported but production was not effected as those oil fields were already closed due to lack of security in that area. 100,000 barrels of crude used to get stolen almost every day which means that is equal to 5% of Shells production in Nigeria. Increase in violence lead to decline of oil production by 20%. Shell faced the problems with both the Nigeria and Iraq governments .Especially in the case of Iraq government said that they were not in a position of consuming or exporting the gas which lost $40 million in day but shell tried to change this, due to the Iraq war led to terror attacks and instability in the government. Even though Shell settled a deal with Iraq government in oil production share and owned 49% of its venture to obtain the natural gas during the production of oil. Even now also shell operating the same venture even it is dominating by the sectary violence. Technology is most powerful factor for any manufacturing and oil based companies to stabilize their products in the market and to compete with other company products. In fact many companies must maintain good relationship with the customers to know the basic needs of the customers and be proactive to volatile behaviour of customer which is at times caused by introduction of new technology and its market impact. The Technology used by shell is in situ process which is very expensive and environmentally troublesome mining operation and would create thousands of tons of waste in the form of spent shale, as the mining method does and process is complicated due to the usage of this process it prevents groundwater from flowing into production area and this leads to raising pollution and scatters the more heat in the underground. After some years around 2008 Shell start using advanced EP technology not only helps to reduce the cost on oil goods and services by producing maximum quality at the same time it shows that how an organisation can take advantage of new technology by creating innovative products. Shell not only using EP technology but also using three other more technologies to minimize the global warming effect on the environment even though it is inevitable. http://www.isa.org/InTechTemplate.cfm?Section=Automation_Update1template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfmContentID=72109 Out of those GTL (Gas to Liquid: produced a clean burning fuel from natural gas) is one of the best technology which is used by the shell to minimize the emission of gases .GTL technology had create a lot of demand in 2006 due to increase in transport in the world, pollution norms were becoming stricter and stricter and it demanded for clean burning transport fuel , this forced Shell to introduce GTL technology. With the use of this technology Audis diesel car became the first car to win the Le Mans 24 hour race. GTL technology was also successfully tested in buses and taxi fleets in highly polluted cities. Introduction of this GTL technology will increase in the air quality we breathe. http://www.faoi.shell.com/2008/reviewoftheyear/technology/downstreamtechnology.html http://www.faoi.shell.com/2008/alternativeenergy/biofuels.html Social factors: Shell uses different strategies to maintain healthy relationship with industry experts as well as focus on its people. Company wants to maintain a good relationship with the society to improve goodwill of the company. According to Haney, Shell has been working with other companies and institutions to improve the competitiveness of local industry and develop more competition in Brazil, which will bring more jobs to the country. The pressing challenge is recruiting talented people and Shell has been successful in this, as the industry is still attractive to new graduates worldwide. Finding experienced people is a challenge, Haney says. We have a mix of expats here who volunteered to fill these gaps. Thats primarily on the technical side. Shell does employ local Brazilians to staff its finance, legal and external Affairs departments among others. Shell attracts their local people by providing transport fuel to around 10 million customers each day through our 44,000 service stations worldwide. Environmental factors: This is the main factor which is faced by the shell at present environment. Environmental Challenges and problems faced by company: In 2006 Shell faced an environmental challenge which caused environmental damage and also financial damage to the company. This happened due to negligence by a contractor who forgot to tighten the bolts of oil supply pipe. Oil which was supposed to be in harbor containment system was leaked through pipeline, this wasnt discovered until oil started floating in water, though the refinery employees started taking action to stop the oil leak already much of damage was done to hull of 75 boats. The California Department fish and Games of spill prevention and Response team investigated the cause of oil leak and they also claimed that it didnt cause any damage to sea life. Shell worked with US Coast guard and cleaned the entire oil spill. Shell had paid 300,000 pounds as fine for the negligence of their contractor. http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=15202 A detailed study by PFC ( Trusted advisor for energy companies and government) showed that Shells carbon emissions was relatively higher than other oil companies, its report showed that it ranked high in carbon emission. This report was published in their annual report and was publicly available and which made stakeholders think about the companys performance and its position in the competitive market. Emissions disclosure study puts Shell bottom of the big oil class In 2010 Shell refineries reach Clean Air Act settlements; Shell companies are agreed to 6 million dollars for installing pollution reduction equipment at two oil refineries under clean Air Act settlement with the federal government to reduce harmful emissions. Shell Chemical LP and chemical Yabuco, units of Royal Dutch Shell PLC had installed new pollution control equipment at shell oil refineries. This settlement was announced by the Justice Department and the Environmental Protection Agency. http://royaldutchshellplc.com/2010/03/31/3-3-million-penalty-imposed-on-shell-for-clean-air-act-violations/ http://www.shell.com/home/content/environment_society/environment/ http://www.shell.com/home/content/environment_society/environment/biodiversity/shell_biodiversity/ Conclusions: In this report we discussed some challenges faced by Shell these include Political, Social, Environmental, and Technological among others and how Shell dealt took pre-emptive actions. Shell has faced many penalty and criticism from various governments regarding various Shells activities including Extraction, Processing, Production, Handling, transportation, storage of hazardous petroleum and chemical products. Shell has been constantly working on technological advancements to reduce carbon emission to the environment; Shell came up with innovations that help produce more eco-friendly environment. One such example is GTL Technology Producing clean burning fuel from natural gas which greatly reduces the emissions of the pollutant gases and hydrocarbon in the air. Shell is working towards CSR to build relationships with the society its running its business in. Attracting talent industry experts, and encouraging local talent to join forces and providing employment to the local community. Recommendations: Due to negligence of an employee Shell had to pay huge amount in the form of fine this shows that they need to conduct frequent training on risk associated to safety, training on new technology when any up gradation is taking place. Give a brief idea of what climate risk is. Shell also needs to some in depth risk analysis before starting a new project in demographic location. They need to work more on Marine safety and hygiene near their oil fields.

Mass Hesteria in Massachusetts (Again) :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Mass Hesteria in Massachusetts (Again) In 1986, a Massachusetts day-care worker named Gerald Amirault was convicted of sex crimes against children -- crimes so hideous they almost defied description. Also convicted were his mother, Violet, who owned the Fells Acres Day School, and his sister, Cheryl, who also worked there. Yesterday, after 17 years behind bars, Mr. Amirault was finally granted parole. Soon he will be a free man again. Of all the miscarriages of justice committed during the era of hysteria over child sex abuse, the Amirault case is by far the worst. The evidence that convicted him was preposterous. The methods used to browbeat tiny tots into producing it have been thoroughly discredited. His innocence has been obvious for years. Yet a succession of prosecutors, judges and state governors (to say nothing of the media) did their best to keep him rotting. Fells Acres was started by Gerald's mother, who, over 20 years, built it into a solid family business. Thousands of pre-school children passed through its doors. Gerald, a soft-spoken, gentle man, was good with the kids. He was a husband and father himself. But there was a new social panic in the air. Across North America, day-care workers were being accused of mass child sex abuse. Social workers sensed a cause, and ambitious prosecutors sensed an opportunity. The children, badgered to come up with lurid tales, obliged. Sympathetic juries were exhorted to believe the children. Hundreds of preschools closed; many people went to prison before their sentences were overturned. The Amirault family's troubles began when a four-year-old boy wet his pants. Gerald cleaned him up, gave him fresh pants, and sent his wet underwear home in a plastic bag. Several months later, the boy's mother, whose marriage was falling apart, phoned a child-abuse hotline and complained that Gerald had taken her son into a secret room and molested him. Two days before his third child was born, Gerald was arrested on rape charges. An usual sequence of events ensued. Police and social workers came and handed out a laundry list of "abuse symptoms" to the anxious parents of every child in the school. Then they began asking leading questions of the kids, and offering rewards for the right answers. Soon they had identified no fewer than 19 victims, who had, they said, been raped with broomsticks and forced to drink urine. The children testified that Violet cut the leg off a squirrel and tied a naked boy to a tree in front of the school while teachers and children watched.

Current Issues in Motivation Essay

Motivating a Diverse Workforce –Flexibility is the key to motivating a diverse workforce †¢ Diverse array of rewards necessary to satisfy diverse personal needs and goals. Flexible Working Schedule †¢ compressed workweek – employees work longer hours per day but fewer days per week. †¢ Flexible work hours (flextime) – employees required to work a specific number of hours a week but are free to vary those hours within certain limits – System entails common core hours when all employees are required to be on the job – Starting, ending, and lunch-hour times are flexible †¢ Job sharing – two or more people split a full-time job †¢ Telecommuting – employees work at home and are linked to the workplace by computer and modem. – Cultural Differences in Motivation †¢ Motivation theories developed in the U.S. and validated with American workers †¢ may be some cross-cultural consistencies Pay-for-Performance – Instead of paying for time on the job, pay is adjusted to reflect some performance measure – Compatible with expectancy theory †¢ imparts strong performance-reward linkage – Programs are gaining in popularity †¢ Research suggests that programs affect performance. Open-Book Management – involve employees in workplace decisions by opening up the financial statements – Workers treated as business partners – get workers to think like an owner – may also provide bonuses based on profit improvements Motivating the â€Å"New Workforce† – Motivating Professionals – professionals tend to derive intrinsic satisfaction from their work and receive high pay †¢ More loyal to their profession than their employer †¢ value challenging jobs and support for their work Motivating Contingent Workers – part-time, contract, or temporary workers †¢ Less security and stability than permanent employees – receive fewer benefits †¢ display little identification or commitment to their employers †¢ Hard to motivate contingent workers – Opportunity to become a permanent employee – Opportunity for training †¢ Repercussions of mixing permanent and contingent workers when pay differentials are significant Motivating Low-Skilled, Minimum-Wage Employees †¢ Difficult challenge to keep performance levels high †¢ Employee recognition programs – highlight employees whose work performance has been good – encourage others to perform better – Power of praise †¢ In service industries, empower front-line employees to address customers’ problems – tie compensation to customer satisfaction

Employability and Entrepreneurship The WritePass Journal

Employability and Entrepreneurship 1. INTRODUCTION Employability and Entrepreneurship 1. INTRODUCTION  2. OCCUPATIONAL RESEARCH  Ã‚   2.1 Terms of reference  Ã‚   2.2 Methodology   2.3 Main findings3. PERSONAL REFELCTION   3.1 Personal analysis3.2 CV Covering letter3.3 Gap analysis3.4 Career action plan4. CONCLUSION5. REFERENCES AND BIBILIOGRAPHY Related 1. INTRODUCTION Employability is the combination of factors and processes that enable people to progress towards or get into employment, to stay in employment and to move in the workplace. The purpose of this report is to discuss the opportunities I as a graduate go through after the completion of my degree, what the employers are looking for in an employee, as well as the role marketers or marketing related careers play in enterprises, then finally the knowledge, skills and attitude I have and hope to obtain. I have always wanted to work in the marketing sector so I have compiled analysis of six different companies, which consist of large-scale companies, small, and medium sized companies. I have used a mixture of analysis to compare various methods that can be used to start a career in the marketing sector and also be successful in the field. I have decided to work in the marketing sector because it provides many job opportunities such as personal selling, advertising, packaging, transport, product development and retailing.   2. OCCUPATIONAL RESEARCH This section of the report would examine the factual reflections of the findings from the occupation.   Ã‚   2.1 Terms of reference The purpose of this report is to look at the graduate opportunities in the UK marketing sector. Research will be made on six different organisations in this sector. The main aim is to show what has to be achieved and how to achieve it.   Ã‚   2.2 Methodology The methods used to approach this research were carried out through primary and secondary resources. The primary research was used to exchange e-mails with one of the staffs of Business Monitor International and PKF to clarify some issues. However most of the research done on this report was from information gathered online which is the secondary research such as graduate job websites like prospect, inside careers and also watching some videos on employability. The companies’ websites were used to get more information. The organizations used in this reportare Standard Life, Glaxo Smith Kline, Akzo nobel corporate, Business monitor international, PKF and Sanofi Aventis.    2.3 Main findings In marketing, there are variety of challenging and interesting job opportunities such as retailing, market research, personal selling and wholesaling. In addition from my findings, there are so many individuals who are employed in non-business organizations that are also engaged in marketing activities. The skills from marketing are used to promote civic, political, cultural and charitable activities, even if an individual earns a living through marketing activities or performs them without compensation in non-business settings, the knowledge and skills gained from marketing are valuable assets. Our highly complex economy relies heavily on marketing activities. The economy produces the profits that are necessary for the growth of individual businesses and also provide health and ultimate survival for the economy as a whole. In essence the general employment trend must be known. According to the survey by BBC, it claims that graduate unemployment rose by 25%. The higher education poli cy institute said in December 2008 the unemployment level rose from 11.9% to 25% among graduates aged under 24. It also said that 17.2% of male graduates were out of work compared with 11.2% of females as at the end of 2009. The report from the institute came a day after a research body had warned that unemployed graduate level could hit record levels as a result of planned public spending cuts. The Higher Education Career Service Unit (HECSU) said that because so many college leavers join the public sector, they were especially vulnerable to cuts. According to the guardian survey, it claims that the unemployment figures are set to rise by 22,000. However those leaving university during the summer face the most difficult job market in more than a decade. There are up to 22,000 more graduate whom are likely to be unemployed this year compared to last figures. The Higher Education Career Service Unit (HECSU) calculated at least one in 10 of this summer’s graduates would not be successful to find a job after six months they leave university, which is equivalent to about 35,000 and 40,000 graduates out of the 350,000 leaving UK universities after first degrees. There are many opportunities for marketing degree holders. There are lots of organisations that are recruiting graduates in marketing or marketing related occupations. According to the Witan Jardine growth statistics marketing opportunities have grown by 47% from last year and experienced growth of 5% over the last quarter. The opportunities in the marketing financial sector grew by 30%, which made an increase of 29% over the last quarter. The media sector roles in marketing for graduates increased by 25% year on year. The professional services marketing roles have soared by 77% compared to January 2006. (Ambition, 2009) Marketing is a very popular career for graduates. Last year, there were 17,000 students who graduated with degrees in marketing, and the research by the Marketing and Sales Standard Setting Body (MSSSB) claims that 580,000 people in the UK are employed in marketing roles. (Inside careers, 2011) There are important roles for graduates in the marketing sector in the future especially those who want to go into retailing. The retail sector is said to accounts for more than 10% of jobs in England. There were 2,777,000 people employed in the retail sector in 2002, the amount of people employed in the retail sector was predicted to rise to 2,869,000 in 2005 and continued growth forecast through to 2012. In 2012 it is predicted that over 250,000 new jobs are expected in this sector. However, there is going to be replacement demand whereby there will be need for new people to replace those leaving the sector is predicted to be five times this figure, with sales and customer service occupations alone needing almost half a million people to replace those leaving the sector (National Guidance Research Forum, 2010). As a marketing graduate your responsibilities can vary depending on the size of the organization and sector and also whether the focus is on selling a product, service or ra ising awareness of an issue that affects the public. A recent marketing degree holder can play roles in organization such as liaising and networking with wide range of stakeholders like colleagues, customers, partner organizations and suppliers. One could also communicate with his target audience and also managing their customers’ relationships. One can also generate advertising opportunities and placing adverts in the press locally, regional, national and specialist publications or on the radio, depending on the organization and the campaign. As a marketing degree holder, one could ensure there is effective distribution of marketing materials, and also maintain and update customer database. One could also attend and organize events such as seminars, conference, exhibition and receptions. Marketing graduate could organize marketing research such as creating customer questionnaire, focus groups and also contributing to the development of marketing plans and strategies (Prospec ts, 2009). These jobs are advertised in newspapers and magazines such as marketing week, they can also be found online in job search sites like prospects, graduate-jobs, inside careers etc. Based on the research done on the organisations, there are some key skills, knowledge and experience expected from a marketing graduate. These organisations are looking for people that are highly organized and proactive, with the ability to do different tasks simultaneously to meet deadlines. They are interested in people with the ability to work both independently and in a team environment. A core skill expected is ability to interact and maintain beneficial relationships with other teams across the business. High level of competency in Microsoft office, particularly excel is expected. They also search for people with good skills in leadership with ability to influence without authority in a matrix environment. They are also interested in people who have excellent written and verbal communicatio n skills and also those that can speak good English. As a marketing graduate a lot is expected, only in very exceptional circumstances that organisations accept application from people who don’t meet their academic requirements. This means that the applicant has to provide strong justification for why the organisation should accept him/her. The minimum academic criteria expected by their organisations are minimum of at least 280 UCAS points with a first class or 2:1 degree. The selection process is done step by step. It is a chance for the graduate to show the organisation what they are made of and that they have the skills required. The first step is to fill in an online application form. This gives you the chance to tell the organisation a bit about yourself and also include your CV and cover letter. The second step is to take an online verbal and numerical reasoning test. The third step is a telephone interview to discuss your understanding of the role you have applied for. The forth step is to attend an assessment centre to meet members of the organisation. The fifth step is to receive an offer. 3. PERSONAL REFELCTION In this section of the report, I am going to reflect upon and evaluate my current skills, knowledge and experience in relation to the ones required by the organisation I have researched on.    3.1 Personal analysis During the course of my study, I developed some key skills such as working both independently and also as a group. I worked as a group in my coursework that enabled me to play roles like encouraging the group when motivation is low. During my research, I identified that I need good leadership skills. These leadership skills have been achieved as a group leader in university coursework that also enabled mi to take responsibility for the direction and action of the group. I have developed my interpersonal skills, I have also developed skills to be able to use my own initiative as well as problem solving skills. I strongly believe with my academic achievement, skills and experience, I definitely have a career in marketing. 3.2 CV Covering letter My CV and covering letter are addressed to Business monitor international. See appendix 3.3 Gap analysis Gap analysis is the space between where we are and where we want to be. I have developed some skills that I am confident in. I am confident in my team working skills. I have good interpersonal skills especially in the way I carry myself. In general I have most of the skills these organisations are looking for. However, there are some areas that I really need to focus my personal development like my presentation skills; I lack the confidence to speak in public. I also lack a little bit of computing skills such as using Microsoft office excel. I intend on improving the skills that I am weak at by going for public speaking programmes and career fares to improve on my confidence level. I also plan on using self guide on how to use Microsoft excel to improve on my computing skills. 3.4 Career action plan See appendix 6.3 page 11 4. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this research has given me wide range of knowledge about the recent employment trends for graduates in the marketing sector and also more knowledge about different roles and skills required. While I was doing this report, it helped me realise what knowledge and skills I have now. In general, my career action plan would also help me as a guideline to enable me meet my goals. 5. REFERENCES AND BIBILIOGRAPHY Akzo Nobel (2010) What do we look for? Available at akzonobel.com/careers/graduates/what_we_look_for/index.aspx [Accessed 15th march 2011] Ambition (2008) Marketing Sales Recruitment Trends, Available at ambition.co.uk/sales-marketing-jobs/recruitment-trends.asp [Accessed 19th march 2011] BBC (2010) Graduate unemployment rate rises 25%, Available at bbc.co.uk/news/10500124 [Accessed 20th march 2011] Business Monitor International (2011) Employment listing, Available at https://www5jh.openhire.com/epostings/submit.cfm?fuseaction=app.jobinfojobid=173530company_id=1005source=ONLINEJobOwner=992284bycountry=1bystate=0bylocation=GB%2Ekeywords=byCat=38747tosearch [Accessed 14th march 2011] Glaxo Smith Kline (2010) Experienced hires: search and apply, Available at gsk.com/careers/uk-saa-jobsearch.htm [Accessed 15th march 2011] Inside career (2011) skills required for marketing, Available at insidecareers.co.uk/__802574D800556E37.nsf/id/7nwndntden!opendocument [Accessed 20th march 2011] National Guidance Research Forum (2010) LMI future trends, Available at guidance-research.org/future-trends/retail/info/futureemp [Accessed 20th march 2011] PKF accountants and business advisers (2010) The PKF experience, Available at pkf.co.uk/pkf/careers/work_experience/home [Accessed 15th march 2011] Prospects (2009). Marketing executive: Job description and activities, Available at http://ww2.prospects.ac.uk/p/types_of_job/marketing_executive_job_description.jsp [Accessed 22nd march Sanofi Aventis (2010). Job Details, Available at http://www24.i-grasp.com/fe/tpl_sanofiaventis01.asp?s=bkMjPUrEcTFkHhTczjobid=54551,2221122152key=12073363c=865256627269pagestamp=sewfxdjbvkssyzdycm [Accessed 22nd march 2011] Standard life (2011) sales and marketing, Available at standardlife.com/careers/graduates/grad_sales_marketing.html [Accessed 15th march 2011] The guardian (2009) Graduate unemployment figures set to rise by 22,000, Available at guardian.co.uk/education/2009/jul/02/graduate-unemployment-rise-recession-jobs [Accessed 20th march 2011]

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Lean Production System - Research Paper Example According to Pascal (2007) this production system has elevated many manufacturing companies over the years and it still has great significance in today’s corporate environment. Generally, this production system involves making a company efficient in terms of production and sleek provision of services to its consumers. The main reason as to why companies apply this system in their operation is to beat the stiff completion in the market and gain a greater competitive advantage. From a lean production system an organization is able to minimize the surplus and waste produced in an organization (Pascal, 2007). According to Wormack & Jones (2003) waste elimination was the first objective in the invention of both the Toyota Production System and the Lean Production System. The lean production system is governed by certain principles of which are aimed at reducing the production of waste in an organization. The principles include: Leveled production Pull system Continuous flow process ing 3Ms (Muda, Muri, Mura) Talk time Flexible workforce The 5Ss (sorting, sweeping, sifting, sustenance and spick and span). In leveled production the system aims at improving the company’s production on a single line of production. In this case an organization is made to produce more models of the same production. This is usually aimed at increasing the level in which the consumer’s needs and demands are catered for. To make it more efficient, different models of production are analyzed by determining the ratio of their demand (Pascal, 2007). From the ratios, the production then begins with a consideration of the demand level each model has. This reduces both shortage and waste of the produced goods. The pull system is like a backward movement of production where the consumers trigger the process. Without the demand of the consumer then there will be no production. For instance, a visit to McDonald in need of a burger, there is usually no burger ready yet until you or der. After you order the restaurant then begin the production of the burger. Generally, the system first considers demand before commencing with the production (Wormack & Jones, 2003). After the implementation of the pull system it is mandatory to have a continuous flow of processes. After demands from consumers, it is only logical if an organization can provide a smooth follow up with the process of production (Temple & Hunter, 2003). For this to be achievable every step in the production process should be well managed and formulated. The three Ms are word from the Japanese dictionary. Muda means non-valued added, mura means overburden and muri means unevenness. The three Ms are problems which hinder the effective application of the just in time production (Pascal, 2007). From the three Ms an organization has a clear picture on what to improve. Talk time refers to the time specified to complete a set of tasks. The talk time is usually governed by the consumer’s demand (Templ e & Hunter, 2003). For instance, if the time specified for the assembly of cars per day is 500 minutes and there are 100 cars to be assembled, the time taken to assemble one car should be five minutes. A flexible workforce is a staff that can be able to do any required operation at any given time. From a flexible workforce an organization makes it efficient to have the just in time production and have a well managed talk time. One company that has successfully implemented the Lean Production System is the Toyota

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Use and develop systems that promote communication Essay Review the range of groups and individuals whose communication needs must be addressed in your own work job role. As an early years practitioner communication within the role is an essential skill required in any setting and is the foundation in which we are able to find out information needed for different purposes. Having an excellent communication scheme allows for a great team and a successful setting, there are many different means to communicate with others, some of these are: Verbal Body language/Non-verbal Sign Pictorial Written Assisted Personal Organisational Formal Informal Public Communication affects everyone within a nursery setting and therefore is a crucial part of managing a nursery. There are many groups of people that we interact with while carrying out our day-to-day duties. 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Read more:  Essay on Use Communication Systems to Promote Partnership Working There are many important factors to be taken into consideration when communicating with children; firstly, it should always be age appropriate, taking into account the language we chose and the  level of the class. Secondly, what are we trying to achieve from our lesson, and finally, how do we respond to the children trying to communicate to us. These factors or techniques should always be considered throughout our day with the children, with some key examples being; circle time, stories, singing, role-play, messy play etc. Parents of children who com to the nursery, play a huge part within a nursery setting and clear communication with them is vital at all times to development a good partnership. Different techniques and approaches within a nursery setting should be applied to ensure that all parents gain clear and concise communication in the correct way. When dealing with parents on a day to day basis, communicate allows teachers and management to build a good relationship between the children’s nursery and home life, therefore allowing us to put them at ease and help them to understand and be apart of the nursery’s vision and ethos. It is very important to understand that communication does not just involve talking to someone, but about making them feel comfortable to approach a member of staff with any questions, queries or complaints. As management within a nursery it is a requirement to discuss and work closely with all members of staff, parents and children. Therefore it is crucial to have excellent communication skill in order to deal with situations that may involve individuals from outside your nursery. This will assist with the day-to-day running of the nursery, allowing everyone to keep up the high standards. There are many different external personnel groups that a setting will interact with and as a manager ensuring strong communication with them is key. There are various ways of communicating with these groups and again finding the correct approach is paramount. For example; contacting them by telephone, e-mails, setting up meetings within the nursery or at their organisations, reports, recording books etc. 1.2 Explain how to support effective communication within your own job role. While managing a nursery, it is essential that the management build good positive working relationships with everyone they communicate with, having the ability to be able to talk openly, honestly and clearly, creating an atmosphere of trust and respecting the needs of others while interacting with them. Within a nursery the management will take on a vast amount of roles and responsibilities throughout their daily routine, and so should  adjust their approach to communicate in different circumstances if and when needed. Changing communication approaches when developing these relationships with others should help deliver the message effectively. Here are some examples of roles which management will undertake: advising, instructing, welcoming, observing, informing etc. Management use a variety of different communication methods (shown above in 1.1) to help with the multiple roles they contend with on a daily basis. There are many reasons to be an effective communicator within a nursery, as this will allow the manager to delegate tasks to others, conduct meetings, deliver presentations, supervise, manage appraisals, report, build a team, negotiate and interview etc. Bearing in mind that being a good and effective communicator is being able to adapt their style to the situation and being able to respond in sensitive and empathetic ways to those who they are communicating with. As well as supporting others to become an effective communicator, they should role model effectively and reflect daily on their own communication skills. 1.3 Analyse the barriers and challenges to communication within own job role. Effective communication is paramount to running a successful nursery and the management team should always build strong and positive relationships with the people they may communicate with. If these relationships are not built, communication may become limited and will not be communicated on a meaning full level with the group or individual delivering or receiving the message, which may begin to create conflict between them. It is vital that the group or individual shows respect for one another while being communicated to as this will help keep in the effectiveness of communication. There are several barriers, which may affect clear and effective communication between a group and an individual making communicate ineffective. Ensuring these barriers are solved the management need to find the correct approach to overcome them. Some of the barriers that a nursery may be faced with are listed below. Firstly, the difference in culture, values and language is a major barrier within applying effective communication as this could block any important information getting through to the appropriate person, and therefore affecting the purpose involved. Communicating with the correct language Being aware and knowing the importance of respecting the cultural  differences could help the manager, group or individual deliver or receive highly effective communication. ‘By developing a respectful curiosity about the beliefs and practices within all service users’ lives, we are able to communicate in more meaningful ways.’ (Miller 2006). Secondly, negative feeling towards others has a big impact on the way communication is delivered or received. As a human being, liking and getting along with everyone is not expected and during a working nursery environment interacting with this barrier is incredibly common. Part of negative feelings can also be affected by body language when communicating with others, as it can be shown easily through actions without speaking. ‘Non-verbal communication can have up to five times the impact on a person’s understanding compared to words. (Argyle 1978). For example, the attitude, appearance and behaviour of the individual show clear signs of negativity. However, working alongside others is a top priority of the managers daily roles and keeping things professional is a major plus when dealing with different situations and is vital to ensure that speech and body language match in order to deliver the message. Finally, a barrier that could challenge effective communication is an inappropriate environment that is being used, could lead to others not understanding the message. Occasionally, the message could be distorted when the environment is too noisy, to hot or cold and crowded etc. Distractions could have another giant impact in the environment as some people may be easily unfocused on the communication given and so could present to the manager poor work. Therefore, ensuring that the nature of environment is appropriate for the communication being delivered or received is an essential part of effective communicate and a successful nursery. For example, staff meetings are in a large enough area for the number of staff with appropriate seating, temperatures in the area are correct, mobile phones turned off in meetings, quiet area to ensure effective communication etc. 1.4 Implement a strategy to overcome communication barriers. Evaluating and reflecting on previous communication with others supports the management to improve and change their communication strategies if needed, allowing them to identify and take adequate action. For example, within my class, I communicated with a teaching assistant (who is of a different  culture) explaining prep work I will need for the following week. She did not understand the content of the things I was asking and so I changed my communication method, writing and drawings examples on paper. In respect to cultural, values and language barriers, (an external barrier) staff training should be given, specifically on all types of communication and different strategies they could use in regards to different situations. Some examples that we use in my nursery are; staff training on using home-school communication books with parents, using their nursery e-mail accounts and checking them daily, having parent teacher meetings, using there teaching assistants effectively- having a meeting with them weekly and communicating with them using written communication if verbal has not been successful. Also training to raise awareness of cultural and religious differences within a nursery. The internal barrier is the body language used when communicating with others; here managers need to be aware of how they present themselves to parents, other members of staff and external services. Reflecting on this each time they are in different situations will allow room to improve in the following situation. ‘Through the development of your self-awareness you can resolve past and current issues and, by doing so, you can improve on your skills in the role of manager’. (Geldard and Geldard 2003). A technique to improve body language as a manager is through ‘SOLER’ (Egan). Use different means of communication to meet different needs. There are a vast amount of communication methods, which need to meet many individual needs, a range of these are verbal, non-verbal, sign, pictorial, written, electronic, assisted, personal, organisational, formal, informal and public. Some of these methods are listed in more detail below. Verbal Communication- During nursery routines verbal communication is used daily, as most staff discover important information this way. However, this is sometimes not enough as verbal communication can also become complicated due to the meaning of words used and how they are perceived between cultures, leading to a possible ineffective form of communication. ‘The words we use alter depending on the situation and the people involved and, because of this, we can never be sure that a word has the same meaning for two people’. (Porritt, 1990). The words managers use are very important and are as equally important as the tone of voice, pitch, volume, rhythm and timing that are included within the conversation as it can affect the way the message is delivered. For example, talking to an adult like they were a child and receiving tuts and sighing back, shows signs that the individual does not feel comfortable with the way they are being spoken to. This is called paralinguistic communication, which allows us to see signs through the individuals sounds that they may reply, for example, sighing, coughing, tutting, yawning etc. Non-Verbal Communication- This form of communication uses different factors that we can see without using any kind of speech or sounds. Below is a table containing examples of the different factors individuals may come across  when using non-verbal communication. Facial Expression Our facial expression communicates emotions unless we train ourselves to mask our feelings. Burnard (1996) argues that it is important to be congruent- if you say you are angry while smiling, it gives a confusing mixed message. Eye contact and gaze The way we look into another person’s eyes during conversation is what is known as eye contact. If somebody can hold eye contact through a conversation, it can communicate a level of confidence and willingness to communicate fully. Some of the people we communicate with will have a very low level of eye contact, which might communicate a lack of ease with the conversation or a lack of confidence. It is a good idea to reduce the level of our eye contact to reflect theirs, otherwise it can feel threatening. The appropriateness of maintaining eye contact differs according to culture. Gestures Gestures are movements of your arms and hands that accompany speech. Gestures can help communication, for example, pointing at the direction a person needs to go in can add emphasis to the communication. However too much gesturing can be distracting. Body position, posture and movement. The body position of a client can tell you a lot about how they are feeling- if they are hunched over, with arms and legs crossed, they are probably feeling quite anxious. Rogers (1980) recommends that we relax and it is important not to appear too formal and distant. However if we are too laid back in pour posture, we could appear disinterested. Sitting with our arms and legs can appear closed off and defensive. However, in some circumstances, it may be a good idea to mirror the body posture of the person we are with. Personal space and proximity Two to three feet distance between the chairs is about right for me; however I have noticed that some client’s push their chairs back as soon as they sit down in the prearranged chairs. I assume that space does not feel comfortable to them. People seem to have their own invisible boundaries  which change according to who they are interacting with and how comfortable they feel. Porritt (1990) calls it a bubble that surrounds us. Clothes The clothes we choose to wear say a lot about us. Dressing too informally and too formally can alienate us from our clients. Therapeutic touch  Touch can be a contentious subject. On the one hand there is evidence of touch having therapeutic benefits; on the other it can be misinterpreted and seen as an invasion of a person’s personal space. Bonham (2004) suggests it may be appropriate and supportive for staff to touch when clients are distressed as it may validate the degree of their suffering. He suggests that appropriate places to touch in this situation are hands, forearms, upper arms and shoulders. (Tina Tilmouth, T. et al., 2011). Sign- Using this form of communication is key to those who have hearing impairments and is made up of many gestures, using mainly hands and arms in different signals to communicate. There are different methods of using sign for communicating these are British sign language (BSL), makaton, which helps support speech and baby sign language, which helps communicate with babies and toddlers who have not yet developed their language skills. Pictorial- With this method, communication is primarily through pictures and drawings to communicate effective messages to others. Pictures and drawings are easy to understand and remember, which is why children are shown them from an early age allowing them to understand different instructions. Written- Within a nursery setting, written communication is used a numerous amount of times throughout daily routines. These can be written reports, notes, and e-mails etc. Written communication allows us to be accurate and keep information up to date, while maintaining clear and effective communication. ‘Written communication should be accurate, in detail, up-to-date non-judgemental and legible so that others are able to read it. We also need to comply with confidentiality guidelines and, as such, all forms of written communication must be kept safely.’ (Donnelly and Neville 2008). Electronic- Several methods of electronic communication that could be used within a nursery setting bearing in mind confidentiality are e-mails, telephone calls, text messaging, web pages, social networking sites, forums and video chats. Some explanations of these methods placed  below. 1. E-mails are the most quick and convenient method of electronic communication within a setting as messages can be sent to an address immediately, alerting the receiver that they have a new message waiting. The receiver can then reply as soon as possible therefore a shorter amount of time for response is predicted. Adding attachments and links may also be included in the mail, showing various images, videos, notices, letters etc. As e-mails are passed back and forth to individuals or groups the conversation between them will preferably be saved, therefore information needed in the future can always be received as long as it has not been eased. 2. Telephone calls and text messages are another electronic communication method and can are used vastly within a setting. Telephone calls along with e-mails are one of the biggest communication methods used in any organisation, and can be used both formally and informally. Telephone calls can have disadvantages, however others could be overheard, also the individuals cannot pick up on non-verbal signs shown by the other person. Text messages are easy and informal and can immediately be delivered to one phone or a group of mobile phones, they can also be quicker than a telephone call. A text message could be used instead of a telephone call as it can stop a conversation being overheard. 3. Within a nursery setting, promoting high standards is essential and creating a website could help communicate how excellent the setting is to others. Therefore, another electronic communication method is web pages. Creating a web page for a nursery can help provide others seek information needed about the setting. Web pages can contain different information allowing others to view, for example, text, multi-media files including images, sounds, games etc. Web pages can store this information for a good period of time. 4. Social networking sites have become a main electronic communication method over the last 10 years and are a very popular way to communicate with others. A social networking site is made up of individuals that create a profile and build connections with others by a particular type of interest, such as, ideas, values, trades, fashion etc. A nursery setting may become  part of an online social networking site creating a page about the nursery to maintain effective communication with parents, bearing in mind confidentiality at all times. 4.1 Explain the legal and ethical tensions between maintaining confidentiality and information sharing. Confidentiality and sharing information is information shared from one individual to another or even to a small group, this information is not to be shared with others and is of the up most importance when dealing with staff, parents and children within a nursery setting. Confidentiality permits parents to have a sense of trust in members of the nursery staff. Polices are set out for staff to respect and obey daily throughout there routines however, staff only have the right to know relevant information not all, and if this is breeched serious action could be taken. To ensure all staff members understand the policy on confidentiality, training and appropriate guidance and support should be given when needed. (Beauchamp and Childress 1994), defined ‘Confidentiality as ‘keeping secret’ information given to a person by another. Infringement occurs when that information is disclosed to someone else without the giver’s consent’. Within a nursery setting, all confidential files are kept within a locked cabinet and staff are obliged to keep parent and child information confidential at all times, however confidentiality can be broken when a crime has been committed or when the member of staff believes it is about to, malpractice has occurred, child abuse is suspected, to help prevent suicide, or misconduct has occurred, and only sharing the information to the professionals who need to know. If by law, confidentiality is breeched, then the manager has the right to take disciplinary and/or legal action.